Methodology And Performance Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Procedure And Performance Standards - Essay Example In this exposition, Baldwin Hotel is surveyed for administration quality in the manner and way in which staff manage visitors by utilizing two significant execution gauges in particular genius and client care. Cleverness is a nature of staff or laborers that makes it feasible for them to add to a few parts of dynamic inside their activity even outside their official occupation particular. This implies for staff of Baldwin for instance who are front work area specialists must be in a situation to offer different types of assistance and assets to their bosses outside of their expressed activity particulars as front work area orderlies. For the most part creativity improves administration quality since it helps in taking out holes in errands and administrations inside the lodging. For instance when one laborer is missing, the nearness of a creative worker would guarantee that the opportunity isn't felt and that it doesn't influence client assistance since he will be there to take that undertaking up. At the visit to the site, there were two significant quantifiable and recognizable territories or parts of creativity that was seen. The first had to do with front work area specialists who were giving room administrations, and front work area chaperons who were embraced investigating in wrong record postings and sections. The methodological devices that were contrived to quantify the cleverness of laborers were perception and precision with record postings. This implies there was both a subjective and quantitative approach. Representatives who were liable for this exhibition standard were front work area specialists. Client assistance is a presentation standard that fundamentally manages the degree of fulfillment that the administrations rendered to clients by staff is valued by clients (Covey, 2008). At the Baldwin Hotel, more prominent level of clients is visitors to the lodging who come to book rooms to go through from one night to an entire excursion. Client support rendered to

Antigone as an Epitome of Female Heroism in Ancient Greeks Essay

It is accepted among antiquated Greeks that ladies are appropriate to stay at home and not out of the bounds of their homes and men ought to dedicate themselves to the outside interests. Something else, something contrary to this show will be viewed as shameful. This shows it is a typical in old Athens and in numerous piece of the old Greece that female residents are prohibited from investment in open issues. In any case, there is additionally an ordinary special case to this, that is, ladies have a full interest in the strict practices in constantly, for example, taking an interest in strict ceremonies. Actually, the female has a similar status as that of men in the strict field. For example, the job of priestess was the main open office open to ladies on the grounds that there is a conviction that ladies have close cozy associations with divine ladies. Be that as it may, in spite of this, ladies are still suspended totally from political and open discussion (Blundell et al. , 1998). As per Friedrich Jacobs in his exposition entitled The History of the Female Sex, women’s position in Greece were viewed as belittled with qualities that are related and like that of the savages. It is likewise deciphered and accepted that housewives are minimal regarded and adored with the exception of that of the hetaeras. This gathering of females appreciates a high status in the general public on account of their chance to training (Katz,1995). Be that as it may, generally, conventional ladies that are separated and uneducated were respected in hatred. They are considered as not free and not equivalent to their male partners. Jacobs contends this is a result of the limitations to home and local life was a custom among the Greeks. This is verified in Thucydides, which says that we have constrained proof on women’s instruction basically on the grounds that they are quieted. It is accepted that youthful girls’ instruction was generally depended to their moms. This training would likewise be limited to directions in the residential expressions and womanly insight. Moreover, this purported instruction will at that point be proceeded by the spouse. In this sense, Jacobs demands that the old Greeks woman’s knowledge and good reasonableness is generally evolved to be the object of the husband’s scorn. For example, in the sonnets of Homer, it is uncovered that he proposed it that ladies were viewed as meager and segregated (Katz, 1995). In addition, appropriately there have been a few positions Greek ladies have according to men. Greater part of the researchers feel that ladies is seen by men as a types of subjection. The ladies were viewed as lower request of creatures. When contrasted with men, they are ignored both in scholarly and enthusiastic limit. The lady as of now repeated is additionally unequipped for seeking after an open undertaking. They are likewise considered as inclined to doing and impacting detestable doings and musings motivation behind why they ought to be kept in the house. The territory of the spouse is the administration of the whole family unit, and the supporting of youngsters. The main jobs that they have are to proliferate the species by generation and satisfying the wants and exotic cravings of men. At the end of the day, the main estimation of ladies during that time was equivalent to that of a dedicated slave (Katz, 1995). In like manner, in writing and old style Greek theater, the landscape comprises of a structure with passageways and ways out. The setting of the play is significant in making a differentiation with regards to whether the characters were inside or outside the structures. The stage was a worldview of the family in the antiquated Greeks. Ladies should remain inside the structure. In any case, the entire political and city life occurred outside. In this manner, in the stage alone, the status of ladies in old Greeks is essentially uncovered. Unfortunate writers sensationalized that there are two significant standards in dramatization during the old style age. To start with, ladies ought to stay inside the house and ought not talk openly. For example, Aeschylus had approved the King of Thebes to order that the issues outside the residential circle were the area of people ought to be kept inside their homes (Tetlow, 2005). Actually, in the play Antigone by Aeschylus, there is where Antigone herself was allowed by her mom to watch the fight between her siblings. At the point when she was seen by her old instructor, she was rebuked on the grounds that this is viewed as ill-advised. The instructor fights that Antigone ought not be seen by any male resident since it would surely result to an embarrassment. In any event, when there are no men during that time, the instructor despite everything begged Antigone to escape the rooftop. Most particularly when he saw gatherings of ladies moving toward the royal residence, Antigone should as of now descend on the grounds that by the ladies seeing her there, it would make tattles which are one might say disallowed or smothered among ladies. This is on the grounds that tattle yields delight among them and joy is simultaneously denied for them (Tetlow, 2005). Another model would be that of the tales by Euripides where Agamemnon bemoaned that a man should keep ones spouse inside the house since that is the place she is helpful and would not stumble into difficulty. On the off chance that a man can't do this, he ought not wed by any stretch of the imagination. Additionally, his little girl Elektra was profoundly condemned in light of the fact that she goes outside regularly to converse with men (Tetlow, 2005). These models show that in writing ladies are depicted by antiquated dramatists as in it maintains the custom of isolation among them. In Homer’s The Iliad, Andromache depicted herself as an ideal spouse for Hector since she keeps her notoriety and respect flawless by maintaining a strategic distance from any conduct that would cause individuals to scrutinize her. Truly, she doesn't leave the house nor let anybody visit her in their home (Tetlow, 2005). Antigone as Defiance to the Position of Women in Ancient Greece Antigone is a have composed by Aeschylus as an impact of the Thebes disaster. As indicated by German logician Hegel, it is â€Å"one of the most brilliant, and in each regard generally consummate, work or workmanship human exertion ever produced†. The hero of the play is Antigone himself, little girl of Oedipus Rex. At the point when Thebes was controlled by Creon, the two children of Oedipus to be specific Eteocles and Polynices battled with one another during a common war. They were driving the two inverse sides in light of each longing to lead Thebes. Be that as it may, them two kicked the bucket in the war. Creon at that point concluded that Eteocles ought to be covered in a noteworthy way. On one hand, Polynices ought not be covered and his body ought to be left in the front line until it decays. It ought to be taken care of to foragers. This is on the grounds that he was viewed as a radical to Thebes. Each dead individual during that time who won't be given an average internment is viewed as disrespect. In addition, it is considered even by the divine beings as the most serious discipline existed (Sophocles, 2003). Antigone and Ismene are the sisters of the two warriors. At the point when Antigone discovered that his different brother’s carcass are left in the front line, she chose to cover it herself. She doesn't need her sibling to endure the disrespect of not being to be acknowledged by Hades. She beseeched her other sister Ismene to assist her with covering their sibling however Ismene was hesitant to esuffer the results. So Antigone covered Polynices without anyone else. At the point when Creon thought about this, she told that the guilty party ought to be brought to him and be rebuffed. At the point when Antigone was captured, she didn't deny the allegations. Rather she let it be known. She was in any event, ready to acknowledge the discipline of death. Nonetheless, her sister entreated Creon that in the event that he is going to slaughter her sister, she should bite the dust with her, as well. Antigone in her part argued to Creon that Ismene ought to be saved in light of the fact that she didn't help her in the internment of their sibling. Creon couldn't choose so he excused them for the interim (Sophocles, 2003). Creon at that point chose to rebuff Antigone and extra Ismene. His decision is to cover her in a cavern alive. Be that as it may, this didn't occur without Antigone protecting her privileges and her activities. For this situation, her devotion to her sibling and to her family was one of the most amazing and respectable justification that she had the option to deliver. The Chorus communicated their distress for her execution yet at the same time this didn't occur (Sophocles, 2003). A prophet for the sake of Tiresias forecasted that Antigone is upheld by the divine beings. The execution would achieve awful destiny to Creon and his family. Specifically, he would lose one youngster. The Greeks and the divine beings will severely dislike him to the point that no contributions would ever recuperate their resentment and contempt. The Chorus argued Creon to respect the prediction of Tiresias. He was inevitably persuaded and chosen to save Antigone of her passing (Sophocles, 2003). After this choice, a progression of emissary came to educate him that his child Haemon murdered himself. What's more, Antigone likewise ended it all. Besides, another envoy tagged along to advise him that Eurydice, his significant other likewise slaughtered himself. She is accusing and reviling him for the demise of their child. Creon at that point began to reprimand himself for what has occurred. He has become exceptionally awful that he just had his workers to help him on things. He is as yet the King yet he has lost everything that he esteems throughout his life. The exercise that the Chorus underlined toward the finish of the play is that the divine beings should rebuff anybody that has fouled up against them and to their kindred person. In any case, regardless of this, discipline will carry only knowledge to reinforce the character of the individuals who are rebuffed (Sophocles, 2003). The most eminent piece of the play would be the character of Antigone. She defies the law of the state by performing burial service ceremonies for her dead sibling. When King Creon proclaimed that he won't be given an OK entombment since he has been a deceiver to the realm, she despite everything sought after the internment. Moreover, she was e

How to Perform Behavioral Experiments

How to Perform Behavioral Experiments Psychotherapy Print How to Perform Behavioral Experiments Test how real your assumptions are and you might change your life. By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on February 12, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on February 12, 2020 Thomas Barwick/ Stone / Getty Images Plus More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Psychotherapists sometimes encourage clients to perform behavioral experiments that test the reality of their beliefs. It’s a powerful cognitive behavioral therapy technique that can help people recognize that their assumptions aren’t necessarily accurate. What you think and believe isnt always true. But holding onto some of those beliefs might cause you to suffer. For example, someone who believes they are destined to be an “insomniac” might try several different behavioral experiments in an attempt to uncover whether specific strategies might help them sleep better, like exercising in the morning and turning off their screens an hour before bedtime. How It Works Cognitive behavioral therapists help individuals become aware of their problems and the thoughts, emotions, and beliefs about their problems. The therapist helps identify inaccurate thoughts and thought patterns that contribute to the problem. Then, they help people challenge their irrational or unproductive thoughts by asking questions and encouraging them to consider alternative ways to view an issue. Therapists often ask questions that help clients look for exceptions to their rules and assumptions. For example, a therapist who is working with an individual who insists, “No one ever likes me,” might ask, “When was a time when someone did like you?” This could help the client see that their assumptions aren’t 100% accurate. But changing thought patterns aren’t always effective in changing deeply held core beliefs. This is in part because we’re constantly looking for evidence that supports our beliefs. Someone who believes no one ever likes her might automatically think not getting a response from a text message is further proof that people dislike her. Meanwhile, she may view an invitation to a party as a “sympathy invite” from someone who feels sorry for her, not as proof that people actually like her. When changing thought patterns aren’t effective in changing a person’s beliefs, changing their behavior first may be the best option. An individual who accomplishes something they assumed they couldn’t do may begin to see themselves differently. Or an individual who sees that people don’t respond the way they assumed they would may let go of their unhealthy beliefs about other people. Using behavioral experiments to gather evidence can chip away at self-limiting beliefs and help individuals begin to see themselves, other people, or the world in a different manner. Studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in treating a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, substance abuse issues, and PTSD. The Process Behavioral experiments can take many forms. For some individuals a behavioral experiment might involve taking a survey to gather evidence about whether other people hold certain beliefs. For others it might involve facing one of their fears head on. No matter what type of behavioral experiment a client is conducting, the therapist and the client usually work together on the following process: Identifying the exact belief/thought/process the experiment will targetBrainstorming ideas for the experimentPredicting the outcome and devising a method to record the outcomeAnticipating challenges and brainstorming solutionsConducting the experimentReviewing the experiment and drawing conclusionsIdentifying follow-up experiments if needed The therapist and the client work together to design the experiment. Then, the client conducts the experiment and monitors the results. The therapist and the client usually debrief together and discuss how the results affect the client’s belief system. The therapist may prescribe further experiments or ongoing experiments to continue to assess unhealthy beliefs. Examples Psychotherapists may assist individuals in designing a behavioral experiment that can counteract almost any distorted way of thinking. Here are a few examples of behavioral experiments: A woman believes people will only like her if she is perfect. Her perfectionist tendencies create a lot of stress and anxiety. She agrees to conduct a behavioral experiment that involves making a few mistakes on purpose and then monitoring how people respond. She sends an email with a few typos and sends a birthday card with a grammatical error to see how people respond.A man believes he’s socially awkward. Consequently, he rarely attends social eventsâ€"and when he does, he sits in the corner by himself. His behavioral experiment involves going to one social event per week and talking to five people. He then gauges how people to respond to him when he acts outgoing and friendly.A woman worries her boyfriend is cheating on her. She checks his social media accounts throughout the day to see what he is doing. Her behavioral experiment is to stop using social media for two weeks and see if her anxiety gets better or worse.A man struggles to stay asleep at night. When he wakes up, he t urns on the TV and watches it until he falls asleep again. His behavioral experiment is to read a book when he wakes up to see if it helps him fall back to sleep faster.A woman with depression doesn’t go to work on days when she feels bad. On these days she stays in bed all day watching TV. Her behavioral experiment involves pushing herself to go to work on days she’s tempted to stay in bed to see if getting out of the house improves her mood.A man with social anxiety avoids socializing at all costs. He thinks he won’t have anything worthwhile to contribute to conversations. His behavioral experiment is to start attending small social events to see if his interactions with others go as poorly as he anticipates. A Word From Verywell If you’re interested in testing some of the potentially self-limiting beliefs you’ve been holding onto, try designing your own behavioral experiment. If you’re not certain how to get started, want some help designing the experiment, or would like to learn more about how to recognize irrational beliefs, then contact a cognitive behavioral therapist. If you aren’t sure where to find one, speak to your physician. Your doctor may be able to refer a cognitive behavioral therapist who can assist you. The 6 Stages of Behavior Change

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Essay - 1163 Words

â€Å"Body Image† Eating Disorders are a range of mental health problems. People that suffer from an eating disorder find their relationships, daily activities and basic health is affected. All ages and sexes can suffer. But eating disorders, such as Bulimia Nervosa or Anorexia Nervosa, are generally found in adolescent girls and young women. Anorexia Nervosa affects less than one percent of adolescent girls and young women, whereas, Bulimia Nervosa affects two percent. Approximately five percent of people with Anorexia are male. One main alleged cause is the media for their portrayal of young men and women and using unrealistic body shapes. Anorexia Nervosa is generally a preoccupation with thinness even though they themselves are†¦show more content†¦Another affect less known is that cancer can also be created in the throat and/or voice box due to regularly vomiting. The media, magazines, films, television, advertisements and newspapers can all put incredible strain on a person’s perception of beauty. Found in these are thin women, extremely fit men and ideas and expectations on how people need to appear in order to be better looking. These people are viewed as healthy because they are successful when really it is just as unhealthy for people to be underweight as it is to be overweight. Magazines are generally blamed for rises in eating disorders from their use of thin models. While showing people what is good for them fashion wise or appearance wise, they are contradicting themselves by using overly thin models. Arty 15, wrote in the Sunday Mail (May 13 2007) â€Å"I think magazines put the most pressure on teens, they seem to sort of set the standard about what’s appropriate and what’s not as far as body image goes.† After conducting research and creating surveys magazine editors found thinner models sell more items and look more appealing to people. When most people would not like to see somebody that looks better than themself in a magazine, and see them also be successful. Women’s magazines such as Cleo,Show MoreRelatedAnorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1452 Words   |  6 Pagestwo major types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. One of the descriptions of anorexia nervosa was during the 12th and 13th centuries. A woman, Saint Catherine of Siena, ceased her intake of food for a spiritual denial of herself. During the 16th century people who had self-discipline and practiced abstention were suspected to be witches and were burned at the stake. In the 17th century all the way through the 19th century anorexia was perceived to be an endocrine disorderRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1122 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are a few of the most common disorders struggled with today. Anorexia Nervosa is a condition of the intense fear to gain weight, which results in consistent lack of eating. Bulimia Nervosa, involves frequent episodes of binge eating followed by throwing up because of fear of gaining weight. The mortality rate for anorexia is the highest of all mental disorders yet the genetic factors relating them were not a huge concern to look into. It is easy to think that Read MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa Essay1944 Words   |  8 Pagesobsessed, that they will start to see themselves as larger than they truly are and will take serious measures to accomplish their dream of being thin. This â€Å"thin fantasy† develops into eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Although anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are both eating disorders where the person has a misperception of his or her own body and relies on starving/fasting, purging, and excessive exercise to lose weight, these conditions do vary in the way they areRead MoreBulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are extremely harmful and rising in prevalence. . The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these two disorders. This essay will also assess the symptoms, causes, health affects and the most prevalent characteristics of peopl e diagnosed with these two eating disorders. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by self-starvation to avoid obesity. People with this disorder believe they are overweight, evenRead MoreEffects Of Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1150 Words   |  5 Pagesto eating disorders, the media plays an influential role in the lives of many women. Eating disorders are abnormal and serious disturbances in one s eating habits caused by many factors. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two well-known eating disorders. The causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are difficult to understand but there are a lot of factors that play a role in the development of them. Females are more likely to develop an eating disorder and heightened concern about weightRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1303 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorder. Out of all the eating disorders, the two most common are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where people, who are underweight, see themselves as overweight. People with anorexia are obsessed with weighing themselves and eat small portions of a certain type of food. Some people can also have binge-eating disorder by self-vomiting, excessive exercising and extreme dieting. Anorexia is the fear of becoming fat and in order to stay thin, the personRead More Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Essay examples2484 Words   |  10 Pagesprevalent disorders today are; Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Bulimia Nervosa affects 2 to 3 % of all women 15 to 40. Many young women between middle and high school develop often these bad habits to cope with the insecurities developing around them. These two disorders are affecting individuals younger and younger each year. Anorexia generally begins between 12 and 20 and coincides with the beginning and ending of high school. Recent studies have shown that Bulimia tends to affect 5% of all highRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Essay examples799 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom an eating disorder, one of the more recent to be the pop star Kesha. One of the eating disorders that Kesha suffers from is anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is defined by the American Psychological Association as having â€Å" a distorted body image that causes them to see themselves as overweight even when theyre dangerously thin.† People who suffer from anorexia will usually avoid eating or eat very little and can even have social anxiety about eating in front of others. Genetics, a cultureRead MoreA Brief Note On Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1280 Words   |  6 PagesAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorders are classified as mental disorders and can lead to life threatening damage. It is important to manage eating disorders to prevent health effects. There are many different possibilities for patients with disorders. Common treatments for eating disorders can consists of counselor or therapists. Early detection is important to limit future oral health effects. A dental hygienist has an advantage to see the inside of the mouth for possible traumaRead MoreBulimia Nervos Anorexia Nervosa2594 Words   |  11 PagesBulimia Nervosa Bulimia originated in Greece, from the word boulimia, which is defined as extreme hunger (the Bella Vita, 2013). Bulimia falls into the category of being a purge disorder, a lot of the time people that struggle with bulimia may have times where they battle with anorexia nervosa, meaning they restrict themselves from eating. There have been so many cases where people battle with bulimia for years upon years, despite the large variety of treatment there is. There are many perspectives

Essay about Montessori Math Rationale - 1119 Words

MATH RATIONALE â€Å"The mathematic mind is a mind that is especially interested in mathematics. Rather than find them boring and absurd, they find them interesting and absorbing. It is a fact that most children in our Montessori schools manage to achieve great enthusiasm while working with mathematics. Is the preparation of their minds that allows them to reach this pleasure. Maria Montessori, London Lectures, 1946, p 41 Mathematics has always been a difficult subject for students. Many children have developed phobias and barriers towards mathematics, which prevail into adulthood, thus limiting their potential. This limitation implies problems of learning, resulting in the child a sense of inferiority. Mathematics for common†¦show more content†¦This language, this need, evolved until a registration system that took man to develop the numbers. Mathematics, like every creation of man, have evolved without really knowing how far you can get with them: the scope of the computer, physics, chemistry, algebra, all are evidence of this. Every aspect of our culture is based in some way or another in Mathematics: language, music, dance, art, sculpture, architecture, biology, daily life. All these areas of measurements and calculations are accurate. Even in nature, everything follows a precise pattern and a precise order: a flower, a shell, a butterfly, day and night, the seasons. All this makes mathematics essential for human life and they can not be limited only to a matter within the school curriculum; here lies the importance of teaching math in a pleasure, enjoyable and understandable way. Mathematics is an aid to the development of the child and should be seen as an aid to life and not as an obstacle in their lifes. Dr. Montessori said that man is provided with an innate power The Mathematical Mind. She takes this term of the French mathematic, physic and philosopher Blass Pascal (1623-1662), who was the first to say that the human mind naturally has the characteristic of being mathematical and if you think for a minute we see that all progress man has developed is because the human mind has a propensity for accuracy, orderShow MoreRelatedHigh Among The Nation s Concerns Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagespictures, drawings, and diagrams. Larger concepts should be structured into smaller components and finally students should be regularly assessed for understanding (p. 52). Because Dyslexia is a common type of learning disability, a plan with strong rationale must be in place and regularly assessed. Dyslexic students have difficulty recognizing printed words and therefore experience difficulty with reading (Ormond, 2009, p. 52). Every effort should be made to help students make use of their senses suchRead MoreEssay on Who is Maria Montessori3824 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Practical Life Rationale Paper 1. Who is Maria Montessori? Please give a brief description of her life. Maria Montessori was the founder of the Montessori approach to education, she was born in Italy in 1870. As a teenager she was an engineer, but later she studied her favor major of medicine. Graduated as Italys first female medical practitioner she embarked on a career in mental health. Following on from this she was asked to head up a childcare project for a social housing initiative andRead MoreCorrelation Between Purposeful Movement Within The Classroom And Improved Attention Span With An Increase Student Achievement1382 Words   |  6 Pagesstill, motionless. But mental development must be connected with movement and dependent on it† (Montessori).This analysis will include the history movement-based active learning and the affects it has on students. Movement Evidence from multiple studies and research reviews suggest that physical activity improves many academic outcomes including overall academic success cognitive performance, reading and math skills, increased on-task classroom behavior, creation of positive learning experiences forRead MoreDemonstrate Your Understanding Of The Teacher’S Role In1635 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment (school experience and readings). ïÆ'Ëœ the importance of making learners aware of how to learn (metacognition) and thus engage them fully and actively in the learning process (role of assessments for learning and school experience) My Rationale- Importance of the role of a teacher: Classrooms today reflect a progressive, ‘constructivist’ and child-centered model of school instruction as against a traditional, teacher-led, learning by rote, ‘front-of-class-style-of-teaching’ generation toRead MoreFactors Affecting the School Readiness of Public Kindergarten Pupils in Lanao Del Sur I – B3485 Words   |  14 PagesChapter I The Problem and Its Setting Rationale Kindergarten marks the beginning of formal education. The child’s initial school experience can influence the way he feels and acts to future school activities. I will also affect the way he relates to other people and his environment for the rest of his life. Success or failure at this stage can affect his well-being, self-esteem, motivation and perspectives. Lack of kindergarten readiness may also lead to his being held back in the next grade levelRead MoreEarly Years Education10897 Words   |  44 Pagesclearly, they should enjoy stories, songs, poems, being able to hear different sounds. They will be able to read and write familiar words like their name, and be able to use a pencil. Mathamatical development A child should have an undertsanding of maths through stories, songs and games. The should be confident with numbers and with ideas such as ‘heavier than or ‘bigger. They should also be aware of different shapes and the concept of different spaces. Knowledge and understanding of the worldRead MoreEarly Years Education10882 Words   |  44 Pages they should enjoy stories, songs, poems, being able to hear different sounds. They will be able to read and write familiar words like their name, and be able to use a pencil. Mathamatical development A child should have an undertsanding of maths through stories, songs and games. The should be confident with numbers and with ideas such as ‘heavier than or ‘bigger. They should also be aware of different shapes and the concept of different spaces. Knowledge and understanding of the world Read MoreCache Level 3 Award, Level 3 Certificate and Level 3 Diploma in Child Care and Education15197 Words   |  61 Pagesteams to support the care of children A1 Include a reflective account of the role of the practitioner in caring for children. Unit 10 – Research into child care, education and development Criteria Grading Criteria Guidance E1 E2 Include a rationale to explain the reason for the choice of research subject Describe the conduct of the research project A clear explanation of the purpose of the research and reasons for selecting the subject. Outline aims for the research. Clearly describe how the

Ekg Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise Free Essays

EKG Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise Jonathan Murdock March 5, 2013 March 19, 2013 (KIN 375) Purpose: In the United States, people suffer from heart problems every day. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year about 935,000 people in the United States suffer from a heart attack and about 600,000 die from heart problems. Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG) provide important information concerning the electrical activity of the heart as well as the quantity and quality of heart contractions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ekg Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise or any similar topic only for you Order Now An EKG, along with blood work to measure troponin levels, can definitively determine whether or not a person has suffered from a myocardial infarction. In order to obtain an EKG, electrodes are strategically placed on the limbs and torso of a subject to measure the electrical current that is generated in the heart and transferred to the skin. The electrical signal is first generated in the sinoatrial node (SA node). It then travels to both the left and right atria to cause them to contract. Then, the signal goes to the atrioventricular node (AV node) where it is briefly delayed to allow all of the blood from the atria to move into the ventricles. It then moves through the Bundle of His toward the apex of the heart and then through the Purkinje fibers. This causes contraction of the ventricles to pump blood throughout the body and lungs. The purpose of this lab was to compare EKG at rest with and exercising EKG. In doing so, the subject’s heart health could be determined based on the results of being put under the stress of exercise versus when resting. Methods: Subject: The subject participating in this lab was a college aged (18-25 years) male enrolled in KIN 375. The participant was healthy, exercised regularly, and did not report any history of heart problems. Equipment: The equipment used in this lab included alcohol prep wipes, 10 electrodes and wires, a computer to read the EKG with paper to print EKG strips, a chair, a treadmill, and a timer. Procedures: The first step was to remove the subject’s shirt. Next, all of the areas where electrodes were going to be placed were cleaned with an alcohol prep wipe. Once these areas were dry, electrodes were placed in their proper places; one electrode per limb and six on the torso. The electrodes for the left (LA) and right (RA) upper limbs were placed just under the clavicles near the shoulders. The electrodes for the left (LL) and right (RL) lower limbs were placed at the waist line just above each limb. For the torso, electrode 1(V1) was placed in the fourth intercostal space to the right of the subject’s sternum. Electrode 2 (V2) was also placed in the fourth intercostal space but to the left of the subject’s sternum. Next, electrode 4 (V4) was placed in the fifth intercostal space on the midclavicular line. Then, electrode 3 (V3) was placed halfway between V2 and V4. Next, the sixth electrode (V6) was placed in the fifth intercostal space on the midaxillary line. Lastly, the fifth electrode (V5) was placed halfway between V4 and V6 in the fifth intercostal space. The subject sat on the chair without moving for three minutes to generate a resting EKG. Then, the subject walked 2 mph on the treadmill with a 7. 0% incline for five minutes. This generated an exercising EKG. Lastly, the subject sat on the chair without moving for three minutes to generate a recovery EKG. Results: The subject successfully completed all three EKG recordings. The resting and recovery EKG readings were very easy to read; whereas, the exercising EKG had a lot of artifact that made it difficult to read. Artifact is something that is not â€Å"heart made† and usually comes from movement. The exercising EKG also had the most QRS complexes due to the fact that the subject’s heart rate was the highest while exercising. Discussion: As previously stated, an EKG measures the electrical currents of the heart. There are different waves shown on an EKG. Each wave is represented by a letter. The first small wave is known as the P wave. The P wave represents atrial depolarization and contraction. The next wave is slightly negative and it is known as the Q wave. The Q wave initiates depolarization of the ventricles. The next wave, which is the large positive spike in the wave, is known as the R wave. The R wave represents ventricular depolarization and contraction. The next wave is slightly negative and it is known as the S wave. The S wave represents the negative wave of ventricular depolarization. The last wave is slightly larger than the P wave and it is known as the T wave. It represents ventricular repolarization and relaxation. Since there are three waves that represent ventricular depolarization, they are combined into what is known as the QRS complex. The section of the EKG from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex represents the ventricular fill time and is known as the PR interval. Ventricular systole, or contraction, is shown by the start of the Q wave to the start of the T wave and is known as the QT interval. Lastly, from the end of the S wave to the start of the T wave, ventricular repolarization is normally isoelectric (on the baseline) and is represented by the ST segment. Any slight changes from normal sinus rhythm in any of these waves could indicate a heart problem. Electrodes were used to measure the electrical current in the heart. The paths from each electrode to another created a lead. Lead I was the path between RA and LA. Lead II was the path between RA and LL. Lead III was the path between LA and LL. The ground electrode was RL. An EKG wave read positive when the current moved toward a positive electrode and it read negative when the current moved toward the negative electrode. At rest, the EKG was much â€Å"cleaner† (less artifact) and the P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves were much easier to identify. During exercise, however, these waveforms were much more difficult to identify because of the large amount of artifact. Compared to at rest, the waveforms were much steeper and quicker which indicated the heart rate was speeding up, contraction and filling times decreased, and the contractions were much more forceful to pump the blood to the necessary tissue. There were a couple factors that could have hindered a completely accurate EKG reading; such as, cheap electrodes, movement of wires, and the placement of electrodes. All of these factors could have affected the EKG reading to cause extra artifact or inaccurate readings of the electrical current. Conclusion: Every year, hundreds of thousands of people die from heart problems. Many of these heart problems could be detected if the individuals had received an EKG. An EKG measures the electrical currents of the heart and shows when there are defects or blocks by the change in waveform. If more people were able to have an EKG when the problems arose, then maybe more lives would have been saved. How to cite Ekg Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise, Papers

What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory Essay Example

What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? Essay Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory suggests that an ethical statement like â€Å"x is right† means, â€Å"any Ideal observer would react to x† (Firth, P. 209) by producing an alpha reaction. The following are the characteristics of an Ideal Observer: Omniscient with respect to the non-moral facts, omnipercipient, disinterested, dispassionate, consistent and â€Å"normal†. In this essay, I will attempt to explain and justify why opposition to the â€Å"omniscience† characteristic is the most powerful objection to the Ideal Observer Theory, while construing possible rebuttals for Firth. To begin with, Firth made â€Å"omniscient with respect to non-ethical facts† a characteristic of an Ideal Observer because â€Å"we regard one person as a better moral judge than another if, other things being equal, the one has a larger amount of relevant factual knowledge than the other. † (Firth, 1970: P. 212) Also, Firth specified about being omniscient with respect to non-ethical facts seeing that rational procedures are vital to an Ideal Observer for deciding ethical questions, but â€Å"there are many ethical questions which cannot be decided by inference from ethical premises† (Firth, P. 13), meaning that ethical facts are not essential, while non-ethical facts are. As mentioned before, the larger amount of relevant factual knowledge one possesses enables him to be regarded as a better moral judge. If so, then why did Firth make the Ideal Observer omniscient when grasping all the relevant facts is adequate? This is because Firth believes that the notion of relevance cannot be â€Å"employed in defining an ideal observer,† (Firth, P. 213) as, by pointing out that some facts are irrelevant, we will also be specifying that an Ideal Observer’s alpha reaction would be the same whether or not he possesses such facts. We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As an entailment, â€Å"in order to explain what we mean by relevant knowledge, we should have to employ the very concept of Ideal observer which we are attempting to define. † (Firth, P. 212) In other words, to identify what facts are relevant would make the theory circular. Therefore, Firth just allows the ideal observer to have all knowledge (omniscient), as â€Å"there is no other practicable way of specifying which facts a person must know in order to know all the ethically relevant facts, without circularity (Brandt, P. 410). Plus, there does not seem to be anything wrong with including this extra knowledge. As the reasons why Firth made the Ideal Observer omniscient are demonstrated, it would be interesting to look at the objections against this characteristic of his theory. To begin with, objectors might argue that the feature of omniscience is not compatible with human beings. They would say that it is impossible for a person to learn all facts or grasp all knowledge, unless he is a god. Therefore, such a requirement for Firth’s theory would entail that there are actually no Ideal Observers at all. However, Firth could possibly reply by saying that it is metaphysically possible for a human to grasp all knowledge. Currently, human beings have only used up 3% of their brains capacity, so you cannot deny that there is the possibility that human beings can comprehend the truth of all propositions. Perhaps all the knowledge combined will not be able to use up the full capacity of the brain. Plus, one cannot deny the possibility that god can create an omniscient human being. Against such a reply, people would say that the creation of an omniscient human being is impossible because a finite brain cannot grasp an infinite number of propositions. Since Firth had wrote in his article â€Å"omniscience implies complete knowledge of the past as well as the future†. (Firth, P. 213) The future is infinite, propositions in the future are also infinite, and therefore eventually it will reach a point where the finite brain will no longer be able to take in additional propositions. To refute such a counterargument, Firth would probably say that it is possible for god to create a human being that has a brain with infinite capacity, entailing the possibility for the being to be omniscient. The omniscience condition of Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory remains valid. Apart from the argument that omniscience is incompatible with human beings, objectors could also contend that the feature of omniscience â€Å"eat away at the human characteristics of the Ideal Observer. † (Brandt, p. 409) This means that the Ideal Observer would no longer experience certain feelings that human beings usually have. Examples of these feelings would be the shock from winning a lottery, disappointment and despair from knowing that you have cancer, or anxiety that is aroused due to ignorance of the future, like not knowing the result of your job interview. This also conflicts with the 6th condition of the Ideal Observer Theory that suggests that the Ideal Observer would be â€Å"normal†, he would be a person, and â€Å"not a superman or a super-natural being. † (Martin, P. 4) When the omniscience characteristic of the Ideal Observer allows him to know every single proposition, including the ones in the past or future, how much of a person can he be, it would seem to most people that the Ideal Observer is more like a superman. And when all those feelings like shock, disappointment and anxiety are absent in the Ideal Observer, people would question, how much of him can actually be â€Å"normal†? This argument, combined with the previous one, brings out the question – â€Å"Apart from god, is there a being that actually answers to the description of the Ideal Observer theory? † As a rebuttal towards this objection, Firth could probably argue by saying that whether something answers to the theory’s description is irrelevant, the purpose of his theory is to discover the truth of an ethical statement like â€Å"x is right†, and whether an Ideal Observer actually exists should be separated from the issue. Furthermore, another criticism can be made against Firth by saying that the omniscience feature overlaps with the omnipercipience feature of the theory. The idea of omnipercipience is that â€Å"it’s not enough just to know that someone is in pain; rather one must have a sense of the pain, or know what it’s like to feel the pain. † (Martin, P. 3) Objectors would argue that such sensory feelings can already be experienced by the Ideal Observer if he is omniscient, the first hand experience of someone’s pain is also one of the infinite propositions that an omniscient Ideal Observer would â€Å"know†. Therefore, objectors would argue that the omnipercipience condition could have just collapsed into the omniscience one, and it is now repetitive with the first condition overlapping with the second. In order to address such a criticism, Firth could probably reply by emphasizing the importance of the omnipercipience condition, wrong acts like murdering are committed because the criminal cannot imagine the pain of the victim. If the murderer had any sense of how much pain he inflicted, he never would have acted so! † (Martin, p. 3) It is true that the omniscience condition includes the omnipercipience condition, but people might overlook this important feature if Firth collapsed the two conditions into one. Therefore, he could refute the criticism of him being repetitive by saying that the overlapping is actually good because it makes sure that no one fails to notice the significance of the omnipercipience condition. By separating this condition from the omniscience condition, his theory would be more explicit and less prone to misunderstanding. Finally, the last objection to the omniscience feature of the Ideal Observer Theory is that it does not actually avoid circularity. Although the omniscience condition was originally used as a means to avoid circularity, objectors could say that even if the Ideal Observer is omniscient, he must still make his judgment (x is right) on the basis of all and only the relevant facts. As shown before, identifying which facts are relevant requires the conception of the Ideal Observer Theory to be employed and at the same time it is this very conception that we are trying to define. (Circularity) Therefore, since the judgment is made on the basis of all and only the relevant facts, it is circular and the omniscience feature does not actually avoid this problem. To address this last objection, Firth would probably reply in two ways. First of all, he would refute by saying that there is no need for the Ideal Observer to have any information of relevance, or to know what facts are actually relevant. He can argue that the judgments that an Ideal Observer makes constitute rightness and wrongness within it, therefore all the judgments he makes are by definition right, meaning that he does not need to have any knowledge of relevance at all. However, this argument is very prone to opposition, objectors would argue that Firth inserted the feature of omniscience to ensure that the Ideal Observer knows which facts are relevant. If you say that he does not need any information of relevance at all, then he does not need any knowledge! Therefore, if the Ideal Observer does not have information about relevance, he is no better than a person that knows nothing. This means that there is no reason for us to accept the definition of â€Å"right† from such an unknowledgeable Ideal Observer. This defeats the purpose of Firth’s theory because it was meant to formulate a satisfactory analysis of ethical statements. The second reply that Firth might give is that it is possible to include relevance in a non-circular way while defining the Ideal Observer. If a non-circular way to identify relevant facts can be specified, the problem will be fixed because objectors are saying that the omniscience feature does not actually avoid circularity. However, the objectors can also easily counter this claim. They could simply argue that this option is not open to Firth because he himself said that the Ideal Observer could not know the relevant facts without circularity. To say that the ideal observer knows that a particular fact is not relevant to an ethical judgment is to say, assuming that an absolutist dispositional analysis is correct, that he would know that his dispositions to make the particular judgment would be the same whether or not he possessed that particular fact. † (Firth, P. 212) Since the replies that Firth would probably propose could be countered, and I cannot think of how Firth coul d possibly recounter them. This justifies why I think that this is the strongest opposition to Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory. By suggesting that the omniscience feature does not get rid of the circularity problem, it actually puts Firth into a dilemma. Since he cannot specify relevant facts in a non-circular way, he either has to allow his theory to be rejected as circular, or he has to reject that the Ideal Observer needs any information of relevance, but that would entail that his Ideal Observer is no better than someone that is totally unknowledgeable, hence his theory would be unworthy as an analysis of an ethical statement, as demonstrated above. To recapture, I have shown that people would argue against the omniscience feature of Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory in a few ways. However, it is only the last objection, which says that omniscience does not actually avoid circularity, that Firth would be unable to resolve, and it would even put him into a dilemma which either makes his theory rejectable as circular or unworthy as an analysis of ethical statements. For this reason, I would say that it is the strongest objection to Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory. References Brandt, Richard. (1950) The Definition of an Ideal Observer Theory in Ethics, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, XV, 414-421. Firth, R. (1970). â€Å"Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer†. In W. Sellars J. Hospers (Eds. ), Readings in Ethical Theory (pp. 200 – 221). Appleton-Century-Crofts. Martin, M. R. (2010). Theories of Morality: Lecture Notes for Topic 7 (Ethical absolutism and the Ideal Observer Theory. ) What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory Essay Example What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? Essay Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory suggests that an ethical statement like â€Å"x is right† means, â€Å"any Ideal observer would react to x† (Firth, P. 209) by producing an alpha reaction. The following are the characteristics of an Ideal Observer: Omniscient with respect to the non-moral facts, omnipercipient, disinterested, dispassionate, consistent and â€Å"normal†. In this essay, I will attempt to explain and justify why opposition to the â€Å"omniscience† characteristic is the most powerful objection to the Ideal Observer Theory, while construing possible rebuttals for Firth. To begin with, Firth made â€Å"omniscient with respect to non-ethical facts† a characteristic of an Ideal Observer because â€Å"we regard one person as a better moral judge than another if, other things being equal, the one has a larger amount of relevant factual knowledge than the other. † (Firth, 1970: P. 212) Also, Firth specified about being omniscient with respect to non-ethical facts seeing that rational procedures are vital to an Ideal Observer for deciding ethical questions, but â€Å"there are many ethical questions which cannot be decided by inference from ethical premises† (Firth, P. 13), meaning that ethical facts are not essential, while non-ethical facts are. As mentioned before, the larger amount of relevant factual knowledge one possesses enables him to be regarded as a better moral judge. If so, then why did Firth make the Ideal Observer omniscient when grasping all the relevant facts is adequate? This is because Firth believes that the notion of relevance cannot be â€Å"employed in defining an ideal observer,† (Firth, P. 213) as, by pointing out that some facts are irrelevant, we will also be specifying that an Ideal Observer’s alpha reaction would be the same whether or not he possesses such facts. We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Think Is the Most Powerful Objection to the Ideal Observer Theory? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As an entailment, â€Å"in order to explain what we mean by relevant knowledge, we should have to employ the very concept of Ideal observer which we are attempting to define. † (Firth, P. 212) In other words, to identify what facts are relevant would make the theory circular. Therefore, Firth just allows the ideal observer to have all knowledge (omniscient), as â€Å"there is no other practicable way of specifying which facts a person must know in order to know all the ethically relevant facts, without circularity (Brandt, P. 410). Plus, there does not seem to be anything wrong with including this extra knowledge. As the reasons why Firth made the Ideal Observer omniscient are demonstrated, it would be interesting to look at the objections against this characteristic of his theory. To begin with, objectors might argue that the feature of omniscience is not compatible with human beings. They would say that it is impossible for a person to learn all facts or grasp all knowledge, unless he is a god. Therefore, such a requirement for Firth’s theory would entail that there are actually no Ideal Observers at all. However, Firth could possibly reply by saying that it is metaphysically possible for a human to grasp all knowledge. Currently, human beings have only used up 3% of their brains capacity, so you cannot deny that there is the possibility that human beings can comprehend the truth of all propositions. Perhaps all the knowledge combined will not be able to use up the full capacity of the brain. Plus, one cannot deny the possibility that god can create an omniscient human being. Against such a reply, people would say that the creation of an omniscient human being is impossible because a finite brain cannot grasp an infinite number of propositions. Since Firth had wrote in his article â€Å"omniscience implies complete knowledge of the past as well as the future†. (Firth, P. 213) The future is infinite, propositions in the future are also infinite, and therefore eventually it will reach a point where the finite brain will no longer be able to take in additional propositions. To refute such a counterargument, Firth would probably say that it is possible for god to create a human being that has a brain with infinite capacity, entailing the possibility for the being to be omniscient. The omniscience condition of Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory remains valid. Apart from the argument that omniscience is incompatible with human beings, objectors could also contend that the feature of omniscience â€Å"eat away at the human characteristics of the Ideal Observer. † (Brandt, p. 409) This means that the Ideal Observer would no longer experience certain feelings that human beings usually have. Examples of these feelings would be the shock from winning a lottery, disappointment and despair from knowing that you have cancer, or anxiety that is aroused due to ignorance of the future, like not knowing the result of your job interview. This also conflicts with the 6th condition of the Ideal Observer Theory that suggests that the Ideal Observer would be â€Å"normal†, he would be a person, and â€Å"not a superman or a super-natural being. † (Martin, P. 4) When the omniscience characteristic of the Ideal Observer allows him to know every single proposition, including the ones in the past or future, how much of a person can he be, it would seem to most people that the Ideal Observer is more like a superman. And when all those feelings like shock, disappointment and anxiety are absent in the Ideal Observer, people would question, how much of him can actually be â€Å"normal†? This argument, combined with the previous one, brings out the question – â€Å"Apart from god, is there a being that actually answers to the description of the Ideal Observer theory? † As a rebuttal towards this objection, Firth could probably argue by saying that whether something answers to the theory’s description is irrelevant, the purpose of his theory is to discover the truth of an ethical statement like â€Å"x is right†, and whether an Ideal Observer actually exists should be separated from the issue. Furthermore, another criticism can be made against Firth by saying that the omniscience feature overlaps with the omnipercipience feature of the theory. The idea of omnipercipience is that â€Å"it’s not enough just to know that someone is in pain; rather one must have a sense of the pain, or know what it’s like to feel the pain. † (Martin, P. 3) Objectors would argue that such sensory feelings can already be experienced by the Ideal Observer if he is omniscient, the first hand experience of someone’s pain is also one of the infinite propositions that an omniscient Ideal Observer would â€Å"know†. Therefore, objectors would argue that the omnipercipience condition could have just collapsed into the omniscience one, and it is now repetitive with the first condition overlapping with the second. In order to address such a criticism, Firth could probably reply by emphasizing the importance of the omnipercipience condition, wrong acts like murdering are committed because the criminal cannot imagine the pain of the victim. If the murderer had any sense of how much pain he inflicted, he never would have acted so! † (Martin, p. 3) It is true that the omniscience condition includes the omnipercipience condition, but people might overlook this important feature if Firth collapsed the two conditions into one. Therefore, he could refute the criticism of him being repetitive by saying that the overlapping is actually good because it makes sure that no one fails to notice the significance of the omnipercipience condition. By separating this condition from the omniscience condition, his theory would be more explicit and less prone to misunderstanding. Finally, the last objection to the omniscience feature of the Ideal Observer Theory is that it does not actually avoid circularity. Although the omniscience condition was originally used as a means to avoid circularity, objectors could say that even if the Ideal Observer is omniscient, he must still make his judgment (x is right) on the basis of all and only the relevant facts. As shown before, identifying which facts are relevant requires the conception of the Ideal Observer Theory to be employed and at the same time it is this very conception that we are trying to define. (Circularity) Therefore, since the judgment is made on the basis of all and only the relevant facts, it is circular and the omniscience feature does not actually avoid this problem. To address this last objection, Firth would probably reply in two ways. First of all, he would refute by saying that there is no need for the Ideal Observer to have any information of relevance, or to know what facts are actually relevant. He can argue that the judgments that an Ideal Observer makes constitute rightness and wrongness within it, therefore all the judgments he makes are by definition right, meaning that he does not need to have any knowledge of relevance at all. However, this argument is very prone to opposition, objectors would argue that Firth inserted the feature of omniscience to ensure that the Ideal Observer knows which facts are relevant. If you say that he does not need any information of relevance at all, then he does not need any knowledge! Therefore, if the Ideal Observer does not have information about relevance, he is no better than a person that knows nothing. This means that there is no reason for us to accept the definition of â€Å"right† from such an unknowledgeable Ideal Observer. This defeats the purpose of Firth’s theory because it was meant to formulate a satisfactory analysis of ethical statements. The second reply that Firth might give is that it is possible to include relevance in a non-circular way while defining the Ideal Observer. If a non-circular way to identify relevant facts can be specified, the problem will be fixed because objectors are saying that the omniscience feature does not actually avoid circularity. However, the objectors can also easily counter this claim. They could simply argue that this option is not open to Firth because he himself said that the Ideal Observer could not know the relevant facts without circularity. To say that the ideal observer knows that a particular fact is not relevant to an ethical judgment is to say, assuming that an absolutist dispositional analysis is correct, that he would know that his dispositions to make the particular judgment would be the same whether or not he possessed that particular fact. † (Firth, P. 212) Since the replies that Firth would probably propose could be countered, and I cannot think of how Firth coul d possibly recounter them. This justifies why I think that this is the strongest opposition to Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory. By suggesting that the omniscience feature does not get rid of the circularity problem, it actually puts Firth into a dilemma. Since he cannot specify relevant facts in a non-circular way, he either has to allow his theory to be rejected as circular, or he has to reject that the Ideal Observer needs any information of relevance, but that would entail that his Ideal Observer is no better than someone that is totally unknowledgeable, hence his theory would be unworthy as an analysis of an ethical statement, as demonstrated above. To recapture, I have shown that people would argue against the omniscience feature of Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory in a few ways. However, it is only the last objection, which says that omniscience does not actually avoid circularity, that Firth would be unable to resolve, and it would even put him into a dilemma which either makes his theory rejectable as circular or unworthy as an analysis of ethical statements. For this reason, I would say that it is the strongest objection to Firth’s Ideal Observer Theory. References Brandt, Richard. (1950) The Definition of an Ideal Observer Theory in Ethics, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, XV, 414-421. Firth, R. (1970). â€Å"Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer†. In W. Sellars J. Hospers (Eds. ), Readings in Ethical Theory (pp. 200 – 221). Appleton-Century-Crofts. Martin, M. R. (2010). Theories of Morality: Lecture Notes for Topic 7 (Ethical absolutism and the Ideal Observer Theory. )